En este momento estás viendo Venezuela: Entrevista a Iraida Vargas y Mario Sanoja

Venezuela: Entrevista a Iraida Vargas y Mario Sanoja

[Por Caio Clímaco – TW @CaioClimaco]

Desde Batalla de Ideas conversamos con Iraida Vargas y Mario Sanoja, dos destacados intelectuales venezolanos, sobre la actualidad del país, el escenario pos electoral y las perspectivas del chavismo en contexto regional y global.

¿Qué evaluación se puede hacer del resultado electoral del último día M20?

Mario Sanoja*: Las elecciones presidenciales del día 20 mostraron que el núcleo duro del chavismo organizado en el Gran Polo Patriótico hizo gala de un sólido nivel de conciencia política y patriótica. El Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela con una militancia de 6.5 millones de adherentes, se revela como  uno de los partidos políticos más grandes de Venezuela y de América Latina

Iraida Vargas**: La claridad  del núcleo chavista que votó. Claridad ideológica, claridad en la lucha necesaria, claridad del compromiso político, claridad en el objetivo buscado, amor a la patria venezolana. No fue una votación “emocional” sino racional, no obstante llena de amor por Chávez.

¿Cuáles son los escenarios que se abren después de las elecciones?

MS: Todavía es muy temprano para hacer una evaluación de la situación pos-electoral. Sin embargo podríamos decir que se  ha consolidado la existencia de un sujeto pueblo que ha pasado a formar la vanguardia de la Revolución Bolivariana, muy consciente de su papel histórico, luego del profundo quiebre histórico que acaba de producirse en Venezuela  con el pasado representado por la IV República. De igual manera, se plantea la radicañización de la Revolución Bolivariana como respuesta a la guerra económica y la agresión económica del gobierno de los Estados Unidos y los gobiernos de la Unión Europea. El diáĺogo político, como expresa el Presidente Maduro siempre es necesario y productivo, pero solo cuando se efectúa entre pares que aceptan tanto los principios fundamentales de la soberanía y la independencia de la patria venezolana como su sistema de gobierno escogido en elecciones libres y democráticas-

IV: El gobierno bolivariano ha tomado la delantera en ese sentido. El discurso post resultados del presidente Nicolás Maduro fue enfático en la necesidad de alcanzar un gran diálogo nacional que ponga a trabajar en conjunto a diversos sectores de la sociedad para salir de la crisis económica y avanzar hacia la recuperación del país. No obstante,  han existido reticencias en el comienzo de la implementación de ese diálogo según se trasluce de las declaraciones del pueblo en las semanas siguientes a la elección presidencial.

Por esas razones los escenarios previsibles son: reuniones con los diversos sectores. Pero el gobierno bolivariano debe conocer que los sectores populares tienen aspiraciones y deseos que no se satisfacen solamente con esas reuniones, es más muchos y muchas las consideran una traición y una entrega. De manera que para que se logre un consenso popular es deseable que el gobierno se aboque a la satisfacción de esas aspiraciones y deseos populares  los cuales se resumen en la siguiente lista:

  1. Derrotar la guerra económica castigando al mismo tiempo a aquellos sectores burgueses que son los artífices de las guerras mediática y económica.
  2. Asumir la lucha cultural en la vida cotidiana con nuevos contenidos. Para ello el gobierno bolivariano debe dejar de reducir la cultura al arte y el entretenimiento, sobre todo este último que para el cual para “poder disfrutarlo el gobierno debe invertir importantes cantidades de divisas” (palabras de varios ciudadanos/as en entrevista pública en TV).
  3. Reconocer y hacer reconocer el verdadero enemigo de la RB, interno y externo. La burocracia es uno de los internos. (palabras de varios ciudadanos/as en entrevista pública en TV).
  4. Tomar medidas para fortalecer la paz mediante la justicia; la paz no es solo tranquilidad ni la violencia es solo la callejera. Siguen existiendo formas de violencia “invisibles”.
  5. Propulsar el diálogo entre los mismos chavistas, votantes o no. Muchos chavistas se abstuvieron de votar porque sentían que el gobierno “ya no los escucha” (palabras de varios ciudadanos/as en entrevista pública en TV).
  6. Aplicar sanciones a los vende patria. Promesa incumplida con la liberación de varios de ellos por parte del gobierno revolucionario sin que eso favorezca al país y al sufrido pueblo que tuvo que soportar sus desmanes.
  7. Para todo lo anterior será necesario reconocer los verdaderos agentes y actores de cada una de estas luchas revolucionarias y contra-revolucionarias.

El PSUV tiene ahora la mayoría de la Asamblea Constituyente, de los gobernadores estatales, de los alcaldes, de los legisladores regionales y también se renovó en el mandato en la presidencia de la república, o sea, el partido posee prácticamente todo el control político del país. Por lo tanto, es natural que a partir de ahora haya una presión más fuerte para que los problemas económicos del país sean de hecho resueltos. En el juramento hecho por Maduro el 24 de mayo de 2018, ante la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, el presidente reelegido reconoció que además de las dificultades económicas generadas por la guerra económica que vive el país, hay también errores del propio gobierno. «Tenemos todo el poder político de este país (…) no podemos tener excusas para atender los problemas del pueblo (…). No estamos haciendo las cosas bien y tenemos que cambiar ese país. Nicolás Maduro».¿Qué no va bien en el gobierno y cuáles serían las prioridades en ese momento?

 IV: Todavía la República Bolivariana tiene muchas debilidades. Falla en aceptar  plenamente el protagonismo popular. Mantiene de hecho una falsa separación entre lo económico y lo político. Esto último trae consigo  un alejamiento –un quiebre– entre dirigencia y bases, donde la primera “no oye a la segunda” y maneja y ostenta no solo símbolos culturales de la IV república sino también muchos de sus comportamientos. Existe una burocratización repugnante que atenta contra el/la ciudadano. Prioridades:

1- Cumplir con las ofertas electorales sobre el cambio económico.

2- Respetar la palabra empeñada en torno a la aplicación de medidas punitivas contra los vende-patria y los enemigos del pueblo; lo anterior serviría no solo como un acto ético sino también de reconocimiento y una valoración de los sacrificios del pueblo realizados sobre todo en los últimos 3 años, lo que impulsaría a ese pueblo  a continuar protagonizando luchas y resistencias, si son necesarias (y sí lo son, al menos por ahora).

3-Formular un proyecto político claro y preciso que reconozca las “nuevas” necesidades populares nacionales.

4- Hablarle claro al pueblo y tomar de verdad las medidas que se anuncian

5- No convertir lo temporal en eterno. Aquellas medidas paliativas que han resultado exitosas son “remedios” no soluciones. Si se perpetúan, permiten eludir las soluciones verdaderamente estructurales y perpetuar los “paños calientes”. Las reformas por bien intencionadas que sean tienden a ser negativas si persisten en el tiempo y generan casi siempre una nueva y perniciosa burocracia. En relación a esto último, aunque reconocemos las dificultades que existen cuando se trata de  hacer transformaciones desde dentro del mismo capitalismo, si existiera verdaderamente un poder popular con poder y que fuera protagonista, el pueblo venezolano podría reflexionar críticamente acerca de sus experiencias, se reconocería como sujeto sociopolítico y tendría prácticas concretas de recuperación de formas de luchas alejadas de la opresión legal que existe en las instituciones del poder constituido. Devendría en pueblo en sí y para sí y en pueblo vanguardia.

Ante el bombardeo mediático que existe contra Venezuela, muchas veces se vuelve complicado dimensionar y valorar algunas importantes victorias del chavismo, tal como fue la victoria del último día 20. ¿Por qué esa victoria debe ser valorada y cuál es su importancia para la lucha de los pueblos en América Latina?

MS: La victoria del pueblo venezolano es un ejemplo de lo que se puede lograr si se alcanza un buen nivel de organización política e ideológica. El PSUV y el Polo Patriótico han demostrado tener una dirección y unos cuadros políticos fuertemente motivados ideológicamente en la lucha por alcanzar una sociedad comunal socialista.

IV: Demuestra la persistencia del chavismo duro dentro del pueblo, con una fuerte conciencia política. Esto sorprendió al imperio y a  la oposición que creían derrotado al chavismo con las guerras impelementadas.  Aunque se crea que es un manido slogan, la mayoría de los pueblos del mundo –especialmente los latinoamericanos– apoyan la lucha del pueblo venezolano. La sorpresa del imperio y de la oposición de derecha obedece a que ellos se creyeron sus propias mentiras mediáticas. Por todo lo anterior y a pesar de la guerra mediática, las noticias reales  encuentran su camino hacia los pueblos del mundo.

Venezuela está hoy en el escenario de una batalla global decisiva porque cuenta con el apoyo de China y Rusia que legitiman el proceso electoral del país, a diferencia de Estados Unidos. Algunos expertos en geopolítica afirman que si Venezuela puede resistir a los ataques imperialistas, puede concretar la derrota de la hegemonía global de Estados Unidos. ¿Cuáles son las armas de Venezuela para enfrentar esta batalla? ¿Cuál es el papel de la transformación cultural en este proceso?

MS: El arma principal de Venezuela es el alto nivel de  organización popular que, unido a la sólida conciencia patriótica de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana y de la Milicia Popular  Bolivariana, conforman un bloque cívico militar que se convertiría, llegado el caso, en un ejército organizado para la guerra popular de largo aliento. Además, Venezuela cuenta con la solidaridad de potencias como China, Rusia, Irán, Bielorusia,  el Caricom y Bolivia, la India y el bloque de 159 países no alineados. El Grupo de Shangai lidera y la posición internacional de Venezuela- Este hecho favorece y consolida la posición de Venezuela en el nuevo orden social y económico que ya esta surgiendo en la realidad geopolíica mundial.

IV: El proceso bolivariano, todavía hoy, no es lo suficientemente fuerte como para proponerse cambios muy profundos como sería el derrotar la hegemonía global de EEUU. El gobierno bolivariano debe reconocer que el tratamiento erróneo del eje político del protagonismo popular se  ha tornado una fuerte debilidad político-social. Sin embargo,  existen armas muy importantes que consisten en tratar de revivir y poner en práctica varias de las propuestas de Chávez como son generar  aliados internos y externos sin claudicar los principios revolucionarios,  dinamizar, hacerlo más frecuente y estrecho el trato con los no alineados, con el muy leal caribe insular (CARICOM), con Asia (Turquía, Irán, Rusia, Bielorusia), activar las relaciones con los países africanos particularmente con SurÁfrica, estimular más contactos con los pueblos latinoamericanos (que no con sus gobiernos fascistoides o arrastrados)  y mostrar informaciones sobre ellos que muestren algo más que solo el folklore.

El papel de la transformación cultural es vital: cambiar el modo de vivir, olvidando el que ha sido acuñado en los últimos 200 años de historia basado en el “American Way of Life”. Intercambiar e importar  libros, intercambio de saberes con las y los intelectuales de otros países latinoamericanos mediante teleconferencias, aprovechar los programas televisivos de canales internacionales no enemigos para difundir nuestros logros y conocer lo que realmente sucede en el mundo, ya sean estos  deportivos, sociales o culturales. Por ello es valioso intercambiar  programas culturales con Turquía, Irán, Bielorusia, Rusia, China, Palestina y todos aquellos interesados en conocer la realidad “real” venezolana, etc.

¿Cuáles son las ventajas del chavismo con respecto a otros gobiernos de América Latina? ¿Por qué incluso ante una fuerte ofensiva imperialista contra Venezuela el chavismo sigue conquistando victorias decisivas?

MS: El chavismo es la única alternativa que garantiza la existencia del Estado Nacional soberano en Venezuela, así como de una sociedad donde se pueda lograr el bienestar general del colectivo, base para construir la futura sociedad socialista que es el objetivo primordial de la revolución y del gobierno bolivariano. La principal ventaja del chavismo como ideología, es haber logrado crear nuevas relaciones sociales en torno a las metas fundamentales del socialismo venezolano, que garanticen la imposibilidad  de que la Revolución pueda  volver atrás.

IV: La gran ventaja es la organización popular que impulsó Chávez, pues el pueblo internalizó la máxima chavista de que “solo el pueblo salva al pueblo” y lucha por lograr el poder suficiente para construir un Estado Comunal. Aunque una parte importante de esa organización popular  preexiste a Chávez, él la sistematizó e impulsó, le dio un pleno contenido ideológico, aunque todavía de manera relativamente poco profunda. Otro factor a considerar es el PSUV, partido que ha generado una maquinaria electoral particularmente eficiente.

Los gobiernos chavistas utilizan las elecciones siempre que sea necesario para refrendar la voluntad popular. Fue así por lo menos en los últimos 19 años, donde el chavismo conquistó 22 victorias electorales. Sólo el año pasado Venezuela realizó cuatro elecciones. ¿Cuáles son las otras alternativas que podrán aplicarse para enfrentar el imperio, ya que las próximas elecciones, a lo que todo indica, sólo ocurrir en 2020?

MS: No hay otra alternativa sino profundizar la Revolución y romper definitivamente con la cultura petrolera que nos impuso el imperio, expresada  en el consumismo y la dependencia económica, así como en y una burguesía comercial -atrasada y apátrida- que no logró, en dos siglos de gobierno liberal burgués, concretar el desarrollo de una base industrial  y comercial que sirva a los intereses soberanos de la patria venezolana.

IV: Yo diría aprovechar las simpatías internacionales con nuestra lucha y crear con ellas un mecanismo de protección que nos abrace, una suerte de manta protectora de solidaridad entre todos para con nosotros a medida que se vayan desplegando nuestras propias fuerzas de defensa. Otro, un mecanismo interno, “poner a hablar a los protagonistas, escucharlos, consultarlos. Reducir el dominio férreo de la dirigencia y aumentar el de los sectores  populares.

La última victoria electoral nos mostró que el chavismo sigue fuerte y con capacidad de movilización. Ante este hecho, ¿qué elementos presentes en la sociedad y en la cosmovisión del pueblo venezolano contribuyen a la construcción de una conciencia de clase para sí?

MS: La eliminación del analfabetismo ha promovido, sobre todo en las clases populares venezolanas, el surgimiento, tanto de una cultura política revolucionaria, como una clara conciencia de su papel histórico como  pueblo sujeto para transformar a Venezuela en una  sociedad socialista comunal..

IV: En la sociedad venezolana está presente un pasado glorioso de lucha. En el siglo XVI, en el XVII y sobre todo a partir del XVIII hasta Chávez el pueblo luchó denodadamente contra el invasor, peleó, defendido, ganó y perdió. Chávez inoculó al pueblo la conciencia de Patria, reconoció la importancia del amor, de las costumbres culturales tradicionales, de los valores, de las luchas realizadas y las formas de organización social que nos hemos dado a lo largo de la historia, pero que ahora debemos ir ajustando con la multiplicación de las necesidades sociales. Chávez alertó fuertemente, con mención especial, contra la ignorancia, la subordinación anímica y mental, la desidia y otros rasgos negativos inculcados por la burguesía y la oligarquía, recordando continuamente la máxima de El Libertador: “…nos han dominado más por la ignorancia que por la fuerza…” Chávez inculcó, asimismo,  en los sectores populares la noción de constituir una clase social que debe buscar su “máxima felicidad” y una vida digna, no lujosa ni lucrativa, dedicada al amor, al trabajo creativo, alejada de las perversiones capitalistas. Ello fue internalizado por grupos importantes dentro de los sectores populares.

Una de las formas más importantes del proceso de dominación del imperialismo es la destrucción cultural en el sentido de hacer que las generaciones futuras no tengan cómo recordar y reconocerse culturalmente. ¿Cómo se enfrenta Venezuela a esa dominación?

IV: La transformación cultural es el mayor desafío que enfrenta la Revolución Bolivariana, por lo que constituye un reto permanente para ella; ya era un desafío cuando Chávez y lo sigue siendo porque aunque hemos avanzado en la construcción de un sistema de valores y una ética socialista, el adversario en esta lucha—las transnacionales de la industria cultural—son poderosas y ejercen hegemonía a nivel mundial en la generación de significados culturales. Por tales razones el balance no es muy halagador y favorece a las industrias en la creación de hegemonía cultural. Se debe entender, sin equívoco alguno, que la lucha así planteada rebasa el marco de la sola participación electoral, es necesario incluirla en la lucha cotidiana, socialmente determinada, contra un capitalismo que construye formas culturales de la subjetividad colectiva para poder funcionar y reproducirse apropiadamente. Para construir la mujer y el hombre nuevos, necesarios en la revolución, se requiere desarrollar las disposiciones subjetivas coherentes y apropiadas con las transformaciones buscadas. El proceso revolucionario demanda que nuevas y tradicionales formas culturales sean incorporadas al imaginario colectivo, de hecho, sin ellas no podrá existir la soberanía cultural.

¿Cómo es posible derrotar el modelo cultural de violencia que nos ha sido impuesto desde el período colonial?

MS: Las condiciones sociohistóricas creadas en Venezuela por las tesis y la praxis del socialismo chavista, han logrado contener la violencia e impuesto la democracia participativa al abierto y descarado intervencionismo de Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea y legitimo de la Revolución Bolivariana.

IV: Tenemos que potenciar una interacción con el conocimiento de nuestra historia, fortalecer así nuestra memoria histórica, conocer nuestras realidades geográficas, nuestros recursos, de tal modo que resulten valores compartidos, generadores de solidaridad y fortalecedores de nuestra identidad cultural. Las actuales luchas populares son una prolongación de las tradiciones culturales de lucha que surgieron a partir del siglo XVI y se fortalecieron a partir del siglo XVIII.

Es necesaria una crítica cultural aguda que permita rechazar los discursos culturales imperiales que generan las industrias culturales, sobre todo el discurso de violencia-muerte perpetuamente televisado y filmado y consumido diariamente por la población venezolana, sin distingos de clase social.

Necesitamos potenciar las estructuras de reciprocidad existentes desde hace siglos. Debemos estimular asimismo las acciones para aislar a las y los violentos, reafirmando el valor de la justicia para que haya paz, ampliar y perfeccionar las normas y reglas de convivencia pacífica.

Finalmente, entre otros muchos recursos, estimular el discurso del colectivismo, profundizarlo y mantener el mensaje  patriótico, nacionalista, antiimperial y anticolonial que existe desde la aparición de la RB de manera de exista una conciencia reflexiva—crítica– en todas partes y por parte de todas y todos— de los defectos estructurales y las injusticias existentes, induciendo el examen crítico de la sociedad, e impulsando el cambio subversor necesario.

Vital es considerar como inadmisible que se permita en nuestro país la operación tan descarada de las corporaciones privadas de la comunicación y de sus redes que, diariamente, mientras transmiten contenidos perjudiciales para el desarrollo de nuestra sociedad, intentan moldear la opinión pública según sus propios puntos de vista, lo que constituye una afrenta a los intentos por lograr una renacionalización necesaria en el marco del socialismo del siglo XXI.

El chavismo apuesta por la construcción de una sociedad comunal socialista como forma de superar el modelo capitalista de organización social. ¿En qué se fundamenta esta propuesta? ¿En qué etapa Venezuela se encuentra hoy?

MS: Haber creado un estado revolucionario organizado con base a las misiones sociales que resuelven los problemas vitales del pueblo, en los campos de la educación, la salud, la vivienda, la organización  comunal del poder popular originario, así como la creación de una estructura territorial  fundamentada regiones comunales populares- Es a partir  de dichas regiones  que  se están consolidando nuevas relaciones sociales de producción antagónicas al metabolismo capitalista.

IV: La propuesta chavista supone que la RB debe producir un espacio social que represente los cambios históricos que el proceso bolivariano ha introducido en el pueblo venezolano, manifestando así la propia capacidad creativa popular. La organización comunal mostraría la capacidad del pueblo para actuar responsablemente sobre el ambiente natural, sobre la vida cotidiana, sobre los códigos  y las formas culturales y sociales, creando las condiciones políticas que permitan sostener en el tiempo la integridad del nuevo espacio social revolucionario. El socialismo comunal se concreta territorialmente mediante la construcción de los consejos comunales y las comunas,  células que sirven de base al Poder Popular y se materializan en territorios concretos que le son propios a los sujetos que lo integran y con los cuales estos se identifican.

Se han construido más de mil comunas en todo el territorio nacional. Sin embargo existen fuertes obstáculos para su desarrollo continuado, sobre todo aquéllos de carácter cultural. Por ello, en la actualidad, nos encontramos en plena lucha cultural contra las fuerzas contrarrevolucionarias pues los problemas culturales que será necesario abordar para llegar en algún momento a implantar el sistema comunal en toda Venezuela son muy variados y complejos, particularmente en el caso de  las comunas urbanas y periurbanas donde la lucha de clases es más intensa y adquiere características particulares.

 En algunas obras y publicaciones de ustedes, sugeridas incluso por el propio presidente Nicolás Maduro, es visible la importancia que se da para el territorio como factor potencial de expresión del poder popular. ¿Cuál es la importancia del poder popular para la superación del capitalismo?

MS: La creación de las regiones comunales populares y el surgimiento de nuevas regiones geohistóricas, serán la manera de combatir la antigua estructura territorial  integrada por  estados y municipios instaurada por el Estado liberal burgués en 1840. Las regiones comunales son la verdadera expresión del poder popular.

IV: Nosotras pensamos que la respuesta está en las propuestas hechas por el mismo presidente Chávez (las cuales compartimos y luchamos por ellas), quien concebía el socialismo como un sistema económico centrado en el ser humano (y no en la dominación de los pueblos para acumular capital), con una cultura plural, solidaria y anticonsumista que siempre se manifestaba territorialmente. Para Chávez ese socialismo se fundamentaba en una democracia directa, donde el pueblo era quien debía tener el protagonismo, quien debía poseer el poder. Ese poder popular sería, entonces, el que permitiría la participación y el protagonismo de la gente en la toma de decisiones, de todos y todas y en todos los espacios, en todos los territorios, sin exclusiones y con metas definidas para lograr  un desarrollo humano con dignidad.

¿Cómo puede ser analizado el reciente interés de realizar una elección directa, secreta y universal para los cargos de dirección del PSUV, conforme propuesto por el líder chavista Elías Jaua?

IV: Los partidos políticos, en general, tienden ser verticales, con jerarquías definidas, con una dirigencia en el tope y una base que obedece las líneas que aquélla envía. Creo entender que el PSUV intenta en un próximo congreso, diríamos “revisarse”, gracias a la solicitud del camarada Jaua. Es posible (y yo diría deseable) que la revisión incluyera una verdadera democratización dentro del partido.

Teniendo en cuenta que el modelo económico y social desarrollado en Venezuela no atiende a los intereses del imperialismo en la región, ¿el ataque de EEUU podría venir con más fuerza ahora en el período post-electoral?

MS: Un reforzamiento de las sanciones ilegalmente impuestas a Venezuela por Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea y la OEA, posiblemente se reforzarán para tratar de derrocar el gobierno constitucional del Presidente Maduro. Pero el pueblo venezolano no se rendirá, seguiremos luchando hasta lograr la victoria. Venezuela no está sola en el mundo. Aunque la mayoría los gobiernos de América Latina nos adversen, los pueblos saben que nuestra lucha  contra el imperialismo  y el colonialismo es crucial para lograr sus objetivos  de alcanzar nuevamente  sociedades libres y soberanas. Por otra parte, potencias mundiales  y regionales como China y Rusia, la India e Irán, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Cuba y el Caricom son nuestros aliados y socios que nos ayudan a solventar el bloqueo económico y financiero. De igual manera, no debemos olvidar la precariedad de las relaciones políticas y económicas entre  el gobierno de USA  y la Unión Europea y la  precariedad  actual del sistema de dominación económica basado en el dólar. Venezuela siempre ha sido el mejor socio comercial de  Estados Unidos. En esta coyuntura signada por la precariedad de la situación interna de  USA, con 140 millones de personas viviendo en diferentes niveles de pobreza, no es descartable tampoco que el volátil temperamento de Trump busque una  solución negociada con Venezuela. Después de su reunión con su archienemigo, el  presidente de Corea del Norte el 12 de Junio próximo, cualquier otro evento negociador es posible.

IV: Mucho me temo que sí. La Revolución Bolivariana ha sido desde su aparición y sigue siéndolo un dolor de cabeza para el imperio, sobre todo para la sede imperial (EEUU) por su negativa a seguir las órdenes imperiales en todos los campos y ser lo que se llamaría “un mal ejemplo”. En los actuales momentos que el imperio resuelva a su favor el “problema venezolano” es vital, toda vez que aun cuando ha logrado sortear con éxito relativo el llamado “ciclo de gobiernos progresistas en Suramérica”, los pueblos son otra cosa diferente a sus gobiernos. Debemos recordar que si bien el interés de EEUU  se ha movido, recientemente, hacia el Pacífico en tanto China ha llegado a ser para ellos el enemigo a vencer, la conquista y el control de Venezuela, por su extraordinaria riqueza en recursos de todo tipo, es demasiado importante no solo para garantizar la obediencia y sumisión de los países del “Patio Trasero” mientras ellos acometen sus movimientos en el Pacífico sino también para poder contar con recursos sin límites de todo tipo: energéticos, mineros, acuíferos, etc. para repotenciar su débil economía “de manera gratuita”.


(*) Mario Sanoja es profesor retirado de la Universidad Central de Venezuela y la Escuela Venezolana de Planeamiento, y Premio Nacional de Cultura.

(**) Iraida Vargas es antropóloga de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (1964) y Doctora en Historia de América por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (1976). Es autora de artículos científicos publicados en periódicos especializados nacionales e internacionales y prensa. Publicó más de veinte libros, entre los que se destacan: Arqueología, ciencia y sociedad (1990); Historia, identidad y poder (1993); Historia como futuro (1999); Agua y poder (2002) y Resistencia y participación (2007). Actualmente es profesora retirada de la Universidad Central de Venezuela y profesora de la Escuela Venezolana de Planificación.

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